![]() ![]() Best practices related to worker safety are also covered, especially as they pertain to electrical codes and standards, particularly Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1584 and National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 70E. Mitigation strategies are also discussed related to engineering design and employment of protective devices including arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs). This primer also covers pressure waves and EMI arc-fault hazard analyses related to incident energy prediction and potential damage analysis. This arc-fault primer provides basic fundamental insight into arc-fault plasma discharges, and an overview of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) arc-fault phenomena. Strong pressure waves, electromagnetic interference (EMI), and intense light from an arc pose a threat to electrical worker safety and system equipment. This facilitates a reduction in more » electrical resistance as the arc temperature and pressure can increase rapidly. Arc-flash events rapidly release significant energy in a localized volume, where the electric arc experiences a reduction in resistance. These may lead to discontinuity between energized conductors, facilitating arcing events and fires. Arc-plasma discharges arise over time due to a variety of reliability issues related to cable material degradation, electrical and mechanical stresses or acute conductive wiring dislocations. While arc-faults are rare in electrical installations, many documented events have led to fires that resulted in significant damage to energy-generation, commercial and residential systems, as well as surrounding structures, in both the United States and abroad. ![]() This article provides guidance for electrode configuration selection and a sensitivity analysis for determining a reasonable engineering margin when actual dimension is not available. Using HCB as the worst-case scenario to determine the personal protection requirements may not be the best practice in all circumstances. According to the newly published model for IE estimation, the IE between vertical conductors inside a metal box (VCB) and horizontal conductors inside a metal box (HCB) can differ by a factor of two with other parameter constants. This article explains the fundamental theory on the selection of electrode configurations and performs more » sensitivity analysis of the enclosure dimension that have been introduced in the IEEE Std. The sensitivity and effect changes of other parameters have been discussed in the previous literatures. The parameters in the updated estimation models include electrode configuration, open circuit voltage, bolted fault current, arc duration, gap width, working distance, and enclosure dimension. 1584-2018 has added parameters for more accurate arc flash incident energy (IE), arcing current, and protection boundary estimation. The focus of this webinar is on major changes to the standard and their implementation in EasyPower.= ,Īrc flash hazard prediction methods have become more sophisticated because the knowledge about arc flash phenomenon has advanced since the publication of IEEE Std. ![]() ![]() Following publication, this second edition of the widely adopted industry standard includes an entirely new arc flash model with revised procedures and calculations to predict arc flash hazard levels. This webinar, given by Greg Pagello at EasyPower, is an introduction to changes in the new IEEE 1584-2018 Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations recently, approved by the IEEE Standards Association. Webinar Video - IEEE 1584-2018 Update – An Introduction to the Changes EasyPower information page on IEEE 1584-2018 update.Get the latest arc flash hazard resources from EasyPower, IEEE, and NFPA : Try a free demo copy today and experience the fastest, easiest to use arc flash analysis on the market. You can also contact us if you have questions, to get a quote, or would like to schedule a one-on-one session with an application engineer, to help understand how EasyPower can be an integral part of your arc flash safety program.ĭownload Demo Request a Quote Stay Up-to-Date By clicking on the Calculate Arc Flash button, you agree to waive all claims against EasyPower LLC, or it's employees, and release them from all liability arising from use of the calculator. Used to calculate arc flash values for personal protection. * NOTE: This is a demonstration tool only and is not meant to be ![]()
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![]() ![]() The framing tool also allows you to to adjust the size of the borders of the mount around your picture, allowing you to create some incredibly striking effects. You now have the ability to play around with the different frames styles and colours on offer, as well as the different colours of mounts available. The easiest way to frame your artwork with a mount included is to head over to our dedicated page. 'Yes, I'd like to have a mount around my picture in the frame' Our custom frames are expertly manufactured in wood and available in a huge range of colours and styles. If your picture is an uncommon or non-standard size then don't worry, all you have to do is visit our custom frames page, type in the size of your picture and ensure you select 'no mount, thanks'. If your picture is a standard size, you can buy a ready made frame to fit your picture perfectly. In this scenario you'll need to find out whether you have a standard sized picture or not. We offer both frames that are available in ready made sizes as well as the ability to create your own custom size frames and mounts, so which is the best option? Let's take a look at the following scenarios: 'I don't want a mount - I want the image to go straight into a frame' How does this affect the way I choose frames? ![]() This would provide a larger external (or wall space) measurement than simply 'your print + the width of the frame around your print'. This is because you must consider the size of the print + the mount border all away around your print + the frame itself. The frame with your print and the mount around it will be larger in size overall. If ( as shown in the example image above) you have two prints both of which are the same size, and you would like one of them mounted inside a frame, and one of them straight into a frame with no mount then the overall size of the frames will be different. ![]() Generally this is a more popular choice when framing larger posters in contrast with smaller artwork, but again this is completely subjective and down to your personal preference.īack to the top of the page How do mounts affect the size of the frame? the image has gone directly into the frame. In the second image, the picture is framed with no mount border i.e. If you haven't printed your picture yet, try out our dedicated custom print and frame page. Your mount (if you order one) will arrive inside the frame, and will have a cut out/aperture inside to fit your picture size - the cut out that we will send to you will be ever so slightly smaller (3mm) on each side (left, right, top and bottom) to make it easier for you to align the image with the cut out. This provides more 'breathing space' around the image, and sets the image away from the frame. Some computers such as Windows PCs may have a setting to set “page scaling” to “none” while others such as Mac computers may have an option to set the “scale” to “100%”, either of these options will work.Īvoid using the “fit to page”, “scale to fit”, or “fill entire paper” options as these will cause the image to be printed larger or smaller than it’s actual size.In the first image, we can see the Nightshade (one of our mount colour options) border surrounding the picture. It’s important to print the ruler at the actual size of the file without any scaling.
![]() ![]() Trapcode Suite 18.1 is available for After Effects CC 2019+ on Windows 10 and macOS 10.14+. The update adds support for time-based mapping to the implementation of Layer Maps inside Particular, making it possible to animate the resulting effects.Īnd it seems that native M1 support for all of the tools inside Trapcode Suite didn’t extend to supporting utilities, as native M1 support has just been extended to the Grow Bounds plugin. Updated 30 June 2022: Maxon has released Trapcode Suite 18.1. Updated 28 April 2022: Maxon told us that all of the Trapcode tools have native M1 support, and that the information on the website will be updated shortly. We’ve contacted Maxon to check whether that’s correct, and will update if we hear back. The system requirements section of Maxon’s website currently lists the Trapcode Suite tools as supporting M1 processors via Rosetta, Apple’s software emulation system, rather than natively. In addition, Trapcode Suite becomes the latest former Red Giant product to support Apple’s M1 processors, Maxon having adding M1 support in Magic Bullet Suite 15.0 and Universe 5.1 last year. In Trapcode Suite 18.0, Form’s Layer Maps system, which enables other After Effects layers to control the properties of particles, has been implemented inside Particular. Initial support for Layer Maps inside ParticularĪs with last year’s Trapcode Suite 17.0, the latest update makes functionality previously only available in Form available inside its sibling plugin Particular.īoth plugins create 3D particle systems, but whereas Particular creates organic-looking clouds of emitted particles, Form creates regular arrays. It was released alongside updates to three of the other products in Maxon’s Red Giant Complete subscription bundle: Magic Bullet Suite 16.0, Universe 6.0 and VFX Suite 3.0. The update introduces support for Apple’s new M1 processors in all of the suite’s component tools, and initial support for Layer Maps inside 3D particle plugin Particular. Maxon has released Trapcode Suite 18.0, the latest version of its set of motion graphics and VFX plugins for After Effects, which it acquired following its merger with original developer Red Giant. Scroll down for news of the Trapcode Suite 18.1 update. Receiving praises from all over the world and already being used by corporations such as Disney, Trapcode Form is one as good as it gets addition to Adobe After Effects.Posted by Jim Thacker Maxon releases Trapcode Suite 18.1 If every plugin-capable software would have a plugin like Trapcode Form, it would definitely be a great program. The bottom line is that Trapcode Form has all the makings of one of the greatest plugin, period. Generating fractal field distortions can also play a very important role in the artistic process and Trapcode Form supports that. The animated motion blur for added realism as well as the audio generators that can sync the animation to an audio stream are also great features that only complete an already impressive Adobe After Effects plugin. Organic shapes are yet another possibility and Trapcode Form makes sure that you are not limited to just a few presets you can work with. Its 3D depth alongside 3D cameras and natural light generation options further help you gain the most of it. The Particular component of Trapcode Form brings the textured polygons to the workbench, thus highly improving the chances of you getting amazing results. The 3D support is ensured by intelligent technologies such as orthographic viewing, layer maps or shading. ![]() With it, you can achieve your best particular work from any imported objects. ![]() This particular plug-in does wonders when in the hand of true artists by adding unlimited 3D possibilities to the arsenal. Let your imagination take off and transpose your ideas into the virtual space of After Effects by generating a base form then import your objects and get wild with the effects in the shortest possible time. Trapcode Form provides you with an artistic Adobe After Effects powerful plugin to create 3D animations of the highest quality. ![]() ![]() ![]() Your provider can provide a safe and effective exercise plan for you. Ask your provider how much alcohol you may drink.Other important changes to make in your lifestyle: Your provider may also ask you to limit how much fluid you drink during the day. Talk to your provider about what you should do if your weight goes up or you develop more symptoms. Weight gain, especially over a day or two, can be a sign that your body is holding on to extra fluid and your heart failure is getting worse. At home, watch for changes in your heart rate, pulse, blood pressure, and weight. Knowing your body and the symptoms that mean your heart failure is getting worse will help you stay healthier and out of the hospital. You will also have tests to check your heart function. ![]() You will have follow-up visits at least every 3 to 6 months, but sometimes much more often. If you have heart failure, your provider will monitor you closely. Too much iron in the body (usually due to hereditary hemochromatosis).Other diseases that can cause or contribute to heart failure: Some types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).Infection that weakens the heart muscle.Heart valves that are leaky or narrowed.Heart attack (when coronary artery disease results in a sudden blockage of a heart artery).Other heart problems that may cause heart failure are: High blood pressure that is not well controlled, leading to problems with stiffness, or eventually leading to muscle weakening.This can weaken the heart muscle over time or suddenly. Coronary artery disease (CAD), a narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.The most common causes of heart failure are: This is called congestive heart failure or, more simply, just heart failure. Fluid may build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the arms and legs. This is called diastolic heart failure, or heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Īs the heart's pumping becomes less effective, blood may back up in other areas of the body. Your heart muscle is stiff and does not fill up with blood easily even though pumping power is normal.This is called systolic heart failure, or heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Your heart muscle cannot contract very well.Both sides of the heart also can be involved. The condition may affect only the right side or only the left side of the heart. It can be caused by many different heart problems. Heart failure is most often a long-term (chronic) condition, but it may come on suddenly. ![]() ![]() your sigils can be as simple or complex as you like. sometimes it looks wonky so i play with it until it looks right and then it's ready to use. This acts as a boost to other protection methods. so i would draw a line from 8 to 9 and then to 4. I am hidden from those who would seek to harm meThis sigil can be used to help protect yourself from either mundane or magical methods of attack, directed at you by humans or spirits. i like to make my sigils by starting with a phrase ("this space is protected"), crossing out the vowels and repeated letters ("hrd" - super simple because this phrase is short and sweet), assigning a number to each letter starting with 1 for A ("894"), creating a circle out of the numbers 1-9, and then connecting each number to each other going from left to right. create a protective sigil using your preferred method of sigil-making and place it wherever feels right. sprinkle or spray tinctures and oils on yourself and around your space (make sure they are skin-safe if you're using them on your body) burn protective herbs (as always, make sure the smoke is not toxic) sprinkle salt around doorways and windows black salt can either be used in protective rituals, in spellwork itself, or on its own ![]() place crystals around your home (I recommend obsidian) to create a protective barrier wear corresponding crystals to ward negative energy from your body ![]() you may also leave offerings for it and cleanse it when you feel is necessary. you can tie it to an energy source to make recharging easy, or even enchant it to recharge itself (for example, you could enchant it to recharge itself when touched by the sun). A grimoire is a collection of magical ideas and occult topics such as herb uses, rituals, symbolism, spells, magic elements, and other spiritual beliefs. "You protect this space." etc.), and keep it in a safe, permanent place. use a small object, enchant it with your intention (e.g. Warding is preventative, whereas banishing takes place once the space already has an unwanted form of energy in it. Warding is a gentler form of defensive magick in a more general sense it's used to protect and guard from negative energies. ![]() ![]() ![]() For this reason, having the possibility to save it forever so that it can be viewed offline is very important. ![]() ![]() These days, it is widespread to see a video you like removed from an online platform. From the options menu, you can also make your music folder the same as the one MP3 files are downloaded into by default.ĭownload the APK of VidMate - HD video downloader to save your favorite videos in the memory of your Android device. You can create custom playlists and even enable a timer so that, after a specific time, the music will turn off automatically without you having to touch anything. The app has a comprehensive, integrated player. Enjoy a powerful music playerĪ little-known feature of VidMate - HD video downloader is that, in addition to downloading music and videos, it also offers a convenient way to play your music. It is important to note that, by default, Restricted Mode is disabled, so you can access any content that might fall into this category. Another interesting option allows you to activate the Restricted Mode, which hides web pages and videos that may show adult content. You can also activate Pop-Up mode, which lets you play videos in a floating window while doing anything else you might need to do on your Android device. From here, you can choose the default quality the videos will be played at. You have many options to customize your experienceĪlthough many users do not, it is important to take a look at the configuration options of VidMate - HD video downloader. Usually, however, downloading videos in 720p or 1080p, a perfect resolution for most mobile devices, is enough. On the other hand, if you want to play the video on a large screen, it is advisable to download it in MP4 format and in the highest possible quality, which on some video platforms is as high as 4K. If, for example, you just want to listen to the video and do not need the visuals, you can download the content in MP3 format. As a result, you can be sure of the best quality and format for your needs and proceed with the download. Choose the quality and format of your videosīefore downloading a video, it is best to consider what you will use it for and where you will play it. These options depend exclusively on the web page you view the content on and the video quality you want to download. Simply tap it, and you can see all the download options available. When you access any of these pages and start watching a video, you notice a red bubble in the screen's lower right corner. Tapping this button will open a new tab where you will find shortcuts to more than a dozen web pages to download videos. As soon as you open the app, you will see a button called Sites in the upper right corner of the interface. Enjoy the easiest way to download videosĭownloading videos through VidMate - HD video downloader is very easy. If this is not enough, you can choose the quality and format you want to download all these clips. Thanks to this, you can play your favorite videos locally whenever you want, even if you don't have an Internet connection. VidMate - HD video downloader is a video downloader app, thanks to which you can store content from dozens of different video portals, such as YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, among others, directly in the memory of your Android device. ![]() ![]() Lightweight Cutters: Flimsy Cutters + File + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 60 & TE2 50.Flimsy Cutters: File + File.png File + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 40 & TE2 40.Sturdy Shovel: Lightweight Shovel + Sheet of Metal + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 80 & TE2 60.Lightweight Shovel: Flimsy Shovel + Sheet of Metal + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 60 & TE2 50.Flimsy Shovel: Tool Handle + Sheet of Metal + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 40 & TE2 40.Sturdy Pickaxe: Lightweight Pickaxe + Timber + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 80 & TE2 60.Multitool Sturdy: Sturdy Shovel + Sturdy Pickaxe + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 90 & TE2.Sturdy Cutters: Lightweight Cutters + File + The Duct Tape Roll, Int TE1 80 & TE2 60.Tools crafting recipes from All The Escapists: ![]()
![]() ![]() Philip Morris responded to the popularity of Pall Mall, the number three brand, by pushing Marlboro Special Blends, a lower-priced cigarette. Thus Marlboro and other cigarette companies use only color-coding instead for example, Marlboro Lights are now called Marlboro Gold Pack. ![]() Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al., Philip Morris (and all other cigarette companies) are now prevented from using words such as "Lights", "Ultra-Lights", "Medium", "Mild", or any similar designation that may yield an impression of being safer than regular full flavored cigarettes. In order to comply with a 2006 court ruling in United States v. Adolfo Suárez and Rafael Escuredo smoking Marlboro cigarettes in La Moncloa, 1980 In 1972, Marlboro became the best-selling brand of tobacco in the world. Although color-coded with gold, they were full flavor cigarettes, not lights. In the late 1960s, Marlboro "Longhorn 100's" were introduced. Some experts have called the product that Marlboro sold "crack tobacco." Marlboro kept this process secret for many years, as freebasing is the same process used to produce crack cocaine from normal cocaine. Further usage of diammonium phosphate allowed Marlboro to free base the nicotine in tobacco, allowing for more efficient delivery. ![]() Part of Marlboro's rise in market share was its ability to produce "milder, more aromatic, sweeter, and less harsh" cigarettes by adding ammonia to the tobacco. The Marlboro Man was a sea captain, gunsmith, athlete and cowboy. The Leo Burnett advertising agency solved the problem by a new style of advertising that dispensed with copy and created a visual personality for the brand. After the war, Camel, Lucky Strike and Chesterfield were the only common cigarettes.Īfter scientists published a major study linking smoking to lung cancer in the 1950s, Philip Morris repositioned Marlboro as a men's cigarette in order to fit a market niche of men who were concerned about lung cancer while also concerned with masculinity if they smoked a filtered cigarette usually marketed to women. Shortly before World War II, the brand's sales stagnated at less than 1% of tobacco sales in the US and was briefly withdrawn from the market. However, as early as 1885, a brand called "Marlborough" was already being marketed as a "ladies' favorite" by Philip Morris & Co. Īround the 1930s, it was starting to be advertised as a women's cigarette, based on the slogan "Mild As May". They were first marketed as "America's luxury cigarette" and were mainly sold in hotels and resorts. The name '"Marlboro"' was registered in the US in 1908 although no cigarette was marketed under this name until 1923. Ī New York subsidiary was opened in 1902 to sell many of its cigarette brands. After his death from lung cancer in 1873, his brother Leopold and widow Margaret continued the business, growing it and opening a factory on Great Marlborough Street, London, from which the name was taken. In 1846, British tobacconist Philip Morris opened a shop on Bond Street, London, selling tobacco and rolled cigarettes. History Marlboro cigarettes in a pack A cigarette and a pack of Marlboro Silver Pack (previously called Ultra Lights until the " light" name was banned as deceitful) Marlboro's largest cigarette manufacturing plant is located in Richmond, Virginia. Marlboro ( US: / ˈ m ɑː l ˌ b ʌr oʊ/, UK: / ˈ m ɑːr l b ər ə, ˈ m ɔː l-/) is an American brand of cigarettes owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the United States and by Philip Morris International (now separate from Altria) outside the US except Canada where the brand is owned and manufactured by Imperial Tobacco Canada. Come to Marlboro country" (1966), "You get a lot to like with a Marlboro", "You Decide" " Pursue Flavor" "Mild As May", "Come to where the flavor is. ![]() Use this cheat sheet to help you find all the elements easily!Īll the elements and combos are interlinked with one another, you can jump to the different alchemy cheat combos. We have compiled an easy to use 1 page answer sheet to help you with all the element combinations in the game.įor some of the combinations, if they do not work, you could try to switch the order or restart the application. Zed’s Alchemy is one of the original alchemy games on the mobile platform. In Little Alchemy 1, there are 4 basic elements, which are available from the beginning: air, earth, fire, and water. What are the basic elements in Little Alchemy? There are 302 final items in the game that can't be mixed with any other elements. You start with the basic elements fire, water, air, and earth and create more complex items up to life, time, and Internet. How many final items are in Little Alchemy? Little Alchemy Cheats is a game where you combine elements to create new elements. In Little Alchemy 1, the 5 most valuable items are: The most valuable elements are those that can be combined with other elements most often. What are the most valuable items in Little Alchemy? Use the list or the searchbox to discover how to make any element with fire, earth, air and water. You need 16 combinations of 19 different items to create it. Find all the elements and combinations for Little Alchemy game on this website. The most difficult element to find is zombie. What is the hardest element to find in Little Alchemy? Then compare them one by one with the elements list on until you find the element you're missing. Disable the "Hide final elements from the library" option, so you can see all elements you found thus far in the list on the right side. In our complete cheat sheet/hints you choose an item from an alphabetically sorted list with all elements with their recipes to find out more about it. water, air, and earth and create more complex items up to life, time, and Internet. Another way to do that: First, go to the Little Alchemy settings by clicking on the "burger" icon (3 horizontal bars) at the center bottom of the screen and then selecting the second tab ("Settings") at the top. Little Alchemy Cheats All New Updated Elements HintsComplete Combination List of Little Alchemy Cheats. Probably the easiest way would be to watch my video with a list of all 580 elements on YouTube. You can quickly browse and navigate through the possible combinations. Find cheat sheet formulas here The different formulas are all interlinked. Go through all combinations in order and discover all exciting items including swamp, plant, life, metal and wood. Combinations, Find out how to make combos, and What Elements Make. Little Alchemy 2 cheats is complete source of step by step cheats and walkthrough hints for Little Alchemy 2. Since there is no given order in which to discover the elements, you need to use a list with all items for reference. is the best cheats Guide for Little Alchemy 1 and Little Alchemy 2. Learn the meanings and origins of each element, from acid rain to x-ray, and get inspired by the list of possible outcomes. Find the complete cheat sheet for Little Alchemy 1, a game where you combine elements to create new ones. How do I find a missing element in Little Alchemy? Find a cheat sheet with all 580 combinations and formulas for Little Alchemy, a game where you mix different elements to create new ones. Find out how to find a missing element in Little Alchemy. There is no given order in which to find the elements, therefore there is no specific "last element" to discover. Which is the last element to discover in Little Alchemy? Just watch the Full walkthrough of Little Alchemy on YouTube to discover all elements and the hidden gems. How do I find all elements in Little Alchemy? Play Little Alchemy One Play Little Alchemy Two Alchemy Little Alchemy Cheats Little Alchemy 2 Cheats Little Alchemy Losungen Free Tools. The number of items is infrequently updated when an update is released. How many elements are in Little Alchemy?Īt the time of writing, there are 580 elements to discover in Little Alchemy 1. ![]() combining a house and a baker gives you a bakery ). Its goal is to combine elements in order to create new elements (e.g. Little Alchemy is a casual game app for smartphones, tablets, and desktop. ![]()
![]() The structural design variables for the beam are vital and vary with the manufacturer. As is how it will be used – floor beam, joist, rafter, ridge beam, header, or lintel. ![]() Whether the span is multiple or a single is also important. The depth of the beam along with its width, combined with common construction variables such as building width, loads, number of stories, joist spacing, etc., determine its span. Formwork LVL beams can be cut to length and notched or drilled at the building site, and double, triple, or quadruple ply is used for strength, the same as dimensional lumber, making it a versatile choice. The length often depends on the manufacturer, with 80’ being available but 60’ or less are more common due to transportation restraints. Most building suppliers will carry 8’, 12’, and 16’ lengths and order in longer lengths as required. Plus, special orders between up to 60’ or 80’ are available – depending on the manufacturer. The lengths commonly range from 4’ to 48’, usually available in 4’ increments. Laminated veneer lumber typically comes in 1-3/4”, 3-1/2”, 5-1/4”, and 7” widths or thicknesses, and depths of 5-1/2” to 24”, including standard and nonstandard depths. The distance an LVL beam can span depends on its width and depth. How Far Can an LVL Beam Span Without Support? In finished appearance, LVL resembles plywood or lumber on the wide face. However, when it is desired to use LVL in applications where appearance is important, common wood finishing techniques can be used to accent grain and to protect the wood surface. Finished or architectural grade appearance is available from some manufacturers, usually at an additional cost. LVL is mainly used as a structural element, most often in concealed spaces where appearance is not important. Manufacturer’s catalogues and evaluation reports are the primary sources of information for design, typical installation details and performance characteristics. ![]() LVL is a wood-based product with similar fire performance to a comparably sized solid sawn lumber or glued-laminated beam. Timber beam LVL can easily be cut to length at the jobsite.Īll special cutting, notching or drilling should be done in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations. LVL is available in lengths up to 24.4 m (80 ft), while more common lengths are 14.6 m (48 ft), 17 m (56 ft), 18.3 m (60 ft) and 20.1 m (66 ft). Other widths and depths might also be available from specific manufacturers. LVL can also be manufactured in thicknesses from 19 mm (3/4 in) to 178 mm (7 in). The most common thickness of LVL is 45 mm (1-3/4 in), from which wider beams can be easily constructed by fastening multiple LVL plies together on site. ![]() LVL is a solid, highly predictable, uniform lumber product due to the fact that natural defects such as knots, slope of grain and splits have been dispersed throughout the material or have been removed altogether during the manufacturing process. This type of lamination is called parallel-lamination and produces a material with greater uniformity and predictability than engineered wood products fabricated using cross-lamination, such as plywood. The grain of each layer of veneer runs in the same (long) direction with the result that LVL is able to be loaded on its short edge (strong axis) as a beam or on its wide face (weak axis) as a plank. The LVL billet is then sawn to desired dimensions depending on the end use application. LVL slat is made of dried and graded wood veneer which is coated with a waterproof phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive, assembled in an arranged pattern, and formed into billets by curing in a heated press. LVL can also been used in roadway sign posts and as truck bed decking. Common applications of LVL in construction include headers and LVL beams, hip and valley rafters, scaffold planking, and the flange material for prefabricated wood I-joists. ![]() LVL is used primarily as structural framing for residential and commercial construction. LVL is commonly fabricated using wood species such as Douglas fir, Larch, Southern yellow pine and Poplar. The manufacturing process of LVL enables large members to be made from relatively small trees, providing efficient utilization of forest resources. LVL is the most widely used structural composite lumber (SCL) product and provides attributes such as high strength, high stiffness and dimensional stability. First used during World War II to make airplane propellers, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) has been available as a construction product since the mid-1970s. ![]() |
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